England and America had had their “shots” against radio 
in the form of long exposure to literacy and industrialism. These 
forms involve an intense visual organization of experience. The 
more earthy and less visual European cultures were not immune 
to radio. Its tribal magic was not lost on them, and the old web 
of kinship began to resonate once more with the note of 
fascism. The inability of literate people to grasp the language 
and message of the media as such is involuntarily conveyed by 
the comments of sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld in discussing the 
effects of radio:

          The last group of effects may be called the 
     monopolistic effects of radio. Such have attracted most 
     public attention because of their importance in the 
     totalitarian countries. If a government monopolizes the 
     radio, then by mere repetition and by exclusion of